{"id":1909,"date":"2009-09-07T14:01:11","date_gmt":"2009-09-07T18:01:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fryeblog.blog.lib.mcmaster.ca\/?p=1909"},"modified":"2009-09-07T14:01:11","modified_gmt":"2009-09-07T18:01:11","slug":"merv-nicholson-what-makes-frye-different-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/fryeblog\/2009\/09\/07\/merv-nicholson-what-makes-frye-different-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Merv Nicholson: &#8220;What Makes Frye Different&#8221; (1)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><em> <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-1971\" src=\"http:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/fryeblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2009\/09\/adameve2.jpg\" alt=\"adam&amp;eve\" width=\"304\" height=\"398\" srcset=\"https:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/fryeblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2009\/09\/adameve2.jpg 679w, https:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/fryeblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2009\/09\/adameve2-228x300.jpg 228w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 304px) 100vw, 304px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Mervyn Nicholson, in the first of what promises to be a series, considers what makes Frye different.\u00a0 In this installment: Desire.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Frye is unusual as a literary-cultural critic-theorist in many, many ways.\u00a0 But one way that I find fascinating is Frye\u2019s attitude toward human desire.\u00a0 Frye was a champion of human desire, as was his mentor, William Blake.<\/p>\n<p>But in this Frye, like Blake, is opposed to practically the entire history of culture, a history of hostility to desire.\u00a0 For Christianity, human desire is corrupted by the Fall, and can not be trusted.\u00a0 What is needed is obedience to authority; by contrast, human desire is in fundamental conflict with the requirements of obedience.\u00a0 The problem began with Adam and Eve who disobeyed, followed desire, and thus brought death into the world along with everything else that is bad, from mosquitoes to forest fires.<\/p>\n<p>Christianity is not alone in distrusting and even disowning human desire.\u00a0 Philosophy has rarely had much respect for desire, which it typically puts somewhere in the basement of human faculties, right next to if not actually in the trash barrel, along with illusion, opinion, prejudice, and other detritus of consciousness. <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-structuralism\" target=\"_blank\">Post-structuralism<\/a> in its core form of <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deconstruction\" target=\"_blank\">deconstruction<\/a> maintains the same hostility to desire.\u00a0 Deconstruction as theorized by <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacques_Derrida\" target=\"_blank\">Jacques Derrida<\/a> and practiced for example by <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paul_de_man\" target=\"_blank\">Paul de Man<\/a>, has for its keynote a conviction that desire equates with the unreal.\u00a0 An entire attitude is summed up in the dictum of Paul de Man: \u201cMetaphor is error because it feigns to believe in its own referential meaning.\u201d\u00a0 Metaphor and metaphoric thought is indistinguishable from deception, above all <em>self<\/em>-deception.\u00a0 Political economy\u2014economics\u2014has stressed the dangers of human desire, from at least <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Malthus\" target=\"_blank\">Thomas Malthus&#8217;s<\/a> <em>Essay on Population<\/em> on.\u00a0 The standard economics text begins with the premise that \u201ceconomics is the science of scarcity\u201d: there isn\u2019t enough to go around.\u00a0 In the conflict between what we want and what we can have, necessity always wins.\u00a0 People must keep desire in check, or disaster will result.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freud\" target=\"_blank\">Freud<\/a>, despite his liberal views, is consistent with traditional attitudes. The entire psychoanalytic tradition is deeply mistrustful of desire.\u00a0 What you want but cannot have, you then create imaginary satisfactions for.\u00a0 For example, we fear to die, so we \u201cmake up\u201d an afterlife, an imaginary compensation.\u00a0 This view of desire, as the origin of illusion, is fundamental to Freud, who lays it out with particular clarity in<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Future_of_an_Illusion\" target=\"_blank\"> <em>The Future of an Illusion<\/em><\/a>.\u00a0 The test of an illusion is whether it is a wish fulfilment.\u00a0 \u201cWhat is characteristic of illusions is that they are derived from human wishes,\u201d Freud explains.\u00a0 \u201cThus we call a belief an illusion when a wish-fulfilment is a prominent factor in its motivation . . . the illusion itself sets no store by verification.\u201d \u00a0Dreams are of course illusory satisfactions, as Freud argues in <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_interpretation_of_dreams\" target=\"_blank\"><em>The Interpretation of Dreams<\/em><\/a>: dreams are all wish-fulfilments.\u00a0 But wish-fulfilments are by definition illusory satisfactions.\u00a0 This is also a theme of the revisionist psychoanalysis of <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacques_Lacan\" target=\"_blank\">Jacques Lacan<\/a>, as well as of <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melanie_Klein\" target=\"_blank\">Melanie Klein<\/a> and the \u201cobject relations\u201d school of psychology.\u00a0 Make-believe compensates for loss and alleviates frustration.\u00a0 But it is still make-believe, and make-believe <em>causes<\/em> problems.\u00a0 Similarly, Freud insisted that fantasies, conscious and unconscious, cause neurosis\u2014fantasies so endemic in fallible human nature that they begin in infancy.\u00a0 In Freud\u2019s view, infants fantasize pretty weird things because they want weird things, and that weird wanting affects them for the rest of their lives.\u2014<em>our<\/em> lives, in fact<\/p>\n<p>Frye is so different from this tradition! he insists throughout his writing and throughout his career that human desire is good, that it is a guide, that the distinction between what we want and what we do not want &#8212; as Frye himself argues in <em><a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.ca\/books?id=nb7zg22DxOoC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=the+educated+imagination&amp;source=gbs_similarbooks_s&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\">The Educated Imagination<\/a> &#8212;<\/em> is the basic axis of existence and of civilization itself.\u00a0 Literature is a product of human desire, as is all of civilization.\u00a0 By showing us what we want and what we do not want, literature functions as a guide to ourselves and a means of evaluating the society we have created and that we also have the power to change.\u00a0 For Frye, desire is who we really are.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mervyn Nicholson, in the first of what promises to be a series, considers what makes Frye different.\u00a0 In this installment: Desire. Frye is unusual as a literary-cultural critic-theorist in many, many ways.\u00a0 But one way that I find fascinating is Frye\u2019s attitude toward human desire.\u00a0 Frye was a champion of human desire, as was his [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[75,92],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1909","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-guest-bloggers","category-literary-criticism"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Merv Nicholson: &quot;What Makes Frye Different&quot; (1)  - The Educated Imagination<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/fryeblog\/2009\/09\/07\/merv-nicholson-what-makes-frye-different-1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Merv Nicholson: &quot;What Makes Frye Different&quot; (1)  - The Educated Imagination\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Mervyn Nicholson, in the first of what promises to be a series, considers what makes Frye different.\u00a0 In this installment: Desire. 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