{"id":3011,"date":"2009-09-24T00:20:08","date_gmt":"2009-09-24T04:20:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fryeblog.blog.lib.mcmaster.ca\/?p=3011"},"modified":"2009-09-24T00:20:08","modified_gmt":"2009-09-24T04:20:08","slug":"frye-and-chesterton-ii-the-great-western-butterslide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/fryeblog\/2009\/09\/24\/frye-and-chesterton-ii-the-great-western-butterslide\/","title":{"rendered":"Frye and Chesterton (2): \u201cThe Great Western Butterslide\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\"chesterton\"<\/p>\n

As I said in my previous post<\/a> on this topic, Frye often uses G. K. Chesterton as an example of a critic whose judgments are always overly affected by his beliefs and commitments.\u00a0 This is perhaps somewhat unfair to Chesterton, who celebrated the genius of Charles Dickens, someone who had no great love of Catholicism, or dogmatic religion, or the middle ages.\u00a0 Ian Ker, in The Catholic Revival in English Literature<\/a>, 1845-1961<\/em>, refers to Chesterton\u2019s \u201cDickensian Catholicism.\u201d\u00a0 I find there is a kind of exuberant excess in Chesterton\u2019s style that evades the reduction of his work to the articulation of a set of beliefs.\u00a0 Ker makes an eloquent case for placing Chesterton alongside the great Victorian cultural prophets such as Carlyle<\/a>, Arnold<\/a> and Newman<\/a>. I wonder if \u201cChesterton\u201d for Frye was more a symbol of a certain kind of neo-Thomist<\/a> intellectual for whom he had little time, and who would have been likely to have admired Chesterton, than a considered reflection on the writer himself.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Frye\u2019s bluntest comment on Chesterton that I am aware of (perhaps Bob Denham can let me know of a better one!) comes in the Notebooks on Romance<\/a><\/em>: \u201cCatholic thinkers like Chesterton pretend that medieval life was an ideal along with medieval art, and was so because everybody was agreed on a central myth of concern. That\u2019s shit\u201d (CW<\/em> 15:320).\u00a0 But unlike many Catholics who looked back to the middle ages, Chesterton described himself as a liberal and a democrat in politics.<\/p>\n

\u00a0One of Frye\u2019s most colourful expressions is \u201cthe great western butterslide,\u201d by which he means the myth of decline that held that at a certain point the organic unity and spiritual harmony of western culture was irretrievably lost, and things declined to their present desperate state (or \u201cPretty Pass,\u201d as Frye put it in a 1953 review of Allen Tate<\/a> (CW<\/em> 21:177; see also Anatomy of Criticism<\/em>, CW<\/em> 22:319).\u00a0 Ruskin identified this cultural \u201cFall\u201d with the Renaissance; for others it was the Protestant Reformation that was the cause of all our problems.\u00a0 I first encountered the intriguing word \u201cbutterslide\u201d when reading Frye;\u00a0 Germaine Warkentin notes that he was familiar with it as a bobsledding term, and she also cites the OED<\/em>: \u201cbutter-slide<\/strong>, a slide (SLIDE n.<\/em> 9) made of butter or ice; also fig.<\/em>\u201d (CW<\/em> 21:495n4).<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

The Victorian medieval revival gave rise to a lot of \u201cbutterslide\u201d models of history (it is really the opposite of the famous Whig<\/a> interpretation of history), and in The Well-Tempered Critic<\/a><\/em> Frye tells an amusing story about one adherent of such views:<\/p>\n

I had a student once who was shocked to hear me refer to \u201cGood King Wenceslas<\/a>,\u201d *<\/strong> at a carol-singing gathering, as a silly poem.\u00a0 Investigation disclosed that he thought it had been written in the thirteenth century, and that anything coming from that age breathed a spirit of the simple piety of an age of faith which, etc., etc.\u2014from there one goes on to St. Thomas Aquinas and the Chartres Cathedral.\u00a0 I explained that this narrative did not come from the thirteenth century, but was a kind of Victorian singing commercial, whereupon he lost all interest in \u201cGood King Wenceslas,\u201d because he also held the view that anything written in the mid-nineteenth century was too contemptible for words.\u00a0 Such critical water-wings do no great harm as long as they are eventually dispensed with, but this is only an obviously na\u00efve example of a very common form of misplaced concreteness.\u00a0 He had, after all, derived these notions from some book with a butterslide theory of Western culture, according to which this or that spiritual or cultural entity was \u201clost\u201d after Dante or Raphael or Mozart or whatever the author was attaching his pastoral myth to.\u00a0 (CW<\/em> 21:386-87)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

[*<\/strong>The words to \u201cGood King Wenceslas\u201d are by John Mason Neale (1818-66), a scholarly Anglo-Catholic clergyman who translated many traditional hymns from Greek and Latin into English, and through his scholarly work made the liturgy and history of the Orthodox Church known to the English-speaking world.\u00a0 He is venerated today by the Anglican Church (his commemoration is on 7 August in the calendar of the Anglican Church of Canada).\u00a0 While they were both Christian clergymen, Neale in most ways seems the antithesis of Frye in terms of their respective understanding of Christian belief and practice!\u00a0 \u201cGood King Wenceslas\u201d is a \u201cChristmas\u201d carol\u2014actually written for St. Stephen\u2019s day<\/a>, 26 December\u2014that \u00a0has long divided people; while a much-loved piece, its words are often ridiculed or characterized as doggerel.]<\/p>\n

Interestingly, Chesterton agreed with Frye at least about Pre-Raphaelite medievalism<\/a>: for him Dickens exemplified the true spirit of medieval Catholicism, of Chaucer, in spite of Dickens\u2019s own dislike of both the middle ages and the Catholic church:<\/p>\n

Upon him descended the real tradition of \u201cMerry England,\u201d and not upon the pallid mediaevalists who thought they were reviving it.\u00a0 The Pre-Raphaelites, the Gothicists, the admirers of the Middle Ages, had in their subtlety and sadness the spirit of the present day.\u00a0 Dickens had in his buffoonery and bravery the spirit of the Middle Ages.\u00a0 He was much more mediaeval in his attacks on mediaevalism than they were in their defences of it.\u00a0 It was he who had the things of Chaucer, the love of large jokes and long stories and brown ale and all the white roads of England.\u00a0 Like Chaucer he loved story within story, every man telling a tale.\u00a0 Like Chaucer he saw something openly comic in men\u2019s motley trades.\u00a0 Sam Weller would have been a great gain to the Canterbury Pilgrimage and told an admirable story.\u00a0 Rossetti\u2019s Damozel would have been a great bore, regarded as too fast by the Prioress and too priggish by the Wife of Bath.\u00a0 (Charles Dickens<\/a><\/em>, 1906)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

As an aside to this discussion, I was struck by another passage in Chesterton\u2019s Charles Dickens<\/em> where he contrasts Victorian realism with what he calls \u201cfolklore, the literature of the people\u201d: \u201cOur modern novels, which deal with men as they are, are chiefly produced by a small and educated section of society.\u00a0 But this other literature deals with men greater than they are \u2013 with demi-gods and heroes; and that is far too important a matter to be trusted to the educated classes.\u201d\u00a0 The downplaying of literary realism, and the classification of literature based on the power of the hero in relation to that of the audience, both show an affinity with the critical principles that Frye set out in the Anatomy<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 As I said in my previous post on this topic, Frye often uses G. K. Chesterton as an example of a critic whose judgments are always overly affected by his beliefs and commitments.\u00a0 This is perhaps somewhat unfair to Chesterton, who celebrated the genius of Charles Dickens, someone who had no great love of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[92],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3011","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-literary-criticism"],"yoast_head":"\nFrye and Chesterton (2): \u201cThe Great Western Butterslide\u201d - The Educated Imagination<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/fryeblog\/2009\/09\/24\/frye-and-chesterton-ii-the-great-western-butterslide\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Frye and Chesterton (2): \u201cThe Great Western Butterslide\u201d - The Educated Imagination\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00a0 As I said in my previous post on this topic, Frye often uses G. 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