{"id":5491,"date":"2009-11-14T14:55:59","date_gmt":"2009-11-14T18:55:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fryeblog.blog.lib.mcmaster.ca\/?p=5491"},"modified":"2009-11-14T14:55:59","modified_gmt":"2009-11-14T18:55:59","slug":"typology-kerygma-and-literature","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/fryeblog\/2009\/11\/14\/typology-kerygma-and-literature\/","title":{"rendered":"Typology, Kerygma, and Literature"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_5515\" style=\"width: 466px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5515\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5515\" src=\"http:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/fryeblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2009\/11\/Elohim1.jpg\" alt=\"Elohim\" width=\"456\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/fryeblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2009\/11\/Elohim1.jpg 570w, https:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/fryeblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2009\/11\/Elohim1-300x235.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 456px) 100vw, 456px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-5515\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blake&#039;s Elohim Creating Adam<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Russell&#8217;s latest post on <a href=\"http:\/\/fryeblog.blog.lib.mcmaster.ca\/2009\/11\/11\/robert-alter-and-the-bible-a-response-to-joseph-adamson\/\" target=\"_blank\">Alter and Frye<\/a> has got me\u00a0thinking about\u00a0my longstanding assumptions about Frye, particularly with regard to the Bible and literature.\u00a0 The Bible and literature occupy the centre of Frye&#8217;s critical universe, and understanding what he\u00a0says about both is to\u00a0appreciate the full potential of his critical vision.<\/p>\n<p>The Judeo-Christian Bible as the supreme artifact of Christian culture down to about the 18th century is of course easy enough to assume.\u00a0 As Frye points out, the Bible is a primary source of imagery and stories well into the 20th century &#8212; and, in these apparently\u00a0apocalyptically-minded times, into the 21st century as well.<\/p>\n<p>But the Bible is not\u00a0just a source of <em>mythos<\/em> and <em>dianoia<\/em>, to use the Aristotelian terms Frye adapts in <em>Anatomy<\/em>.\u00a0 It is the source also of a &#8220;unique&#8221; arrangement of myth and metaphor represented by typology, the progressive succession of type-antitype-type (e.g. Creation-Incarnation-Revelation).\u00a0 Although Frye rather conspicuously only says it once, he nevertheless\u00a0observes on page 80 of <em>The Great Code:<\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The typological organization of the Bible does present the difficulty, to a secular literary critic, of being unique: no other book in the world, to my knowledge, has a structure even remotely like that of the Christian Bible.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>That structure is the &#8220;double mirror&#8221; of the Old Testament and the New Testament &#8212; the latter concealed in the former and the former revealed by the latter &#8212; which provides the Christian Bible&#8217;s kerygmatic vision of the human condition that Blake characterizes as the revelation of\u00a0 the &#8220;human form divine.&#8221;\u00a0 The typological\u00a0structure of the Christian Bible that furnishes its distinctive double mirror character, however, does not originate with Christianity: the Hebrew Bible is the source of these typological principles, and the first &#8220;Christians&#8221; were themselves Jews who\u00a0compiled what would become\u00a0their &#8220;new&#8221; testament\u00a0using the same typological structure\u00a0of their traditional holy scriptures.\u00a0 As Frye observes:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Typology in the Bible is by no means confined to the Christian version of the Bible: from the point of view of Judaism at least, the Old Testament is much more genuinely typological without the New Testament than with it. There are, in the first place, events in the Old Testament that are types of later events recorded also within the Old Testament.\u00a0 (<em>GC<\/em>, 83)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>When Frye suggests, therefore, as he does in <em>The Great Code <\/em>(and there alone, it might be pointed out) that the culturally ascendant phases of language we have observed so far &#8212; the hieroglyphic, the hieratic, and the demotic &#8212; may be, for the first time in human history, about to be succeeded by a kerygmatic phase, he is making about as revolutionary a statement as he ever made.\u00a0 I&#8217;m not sure it is possible to approach his work as a whole without thinking about its implications.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Frye&#8217;s point about the Bible in <em>The Great Code<\/em> is that it is not merely &#8220;literary&#8221;\u00a0but, thanks to its typological structure and kerygmatic vision, expressive of &#8220;literature plus.&#8221;\u00a0 That &#8220;plus&#8221; is the Bible&#8217;s synthesis of the imaginative and the concerned represented by the\u00a0appearance in human history of a\u00a0just and loving God who eventually takes human form, offers himself for sacrifice, and\u00a0redeems the fallen human community by doing so.\u00a0 When it comes to Frye&#8217;s &#8220;second study of the Bible and literature,&#8221; <em>Words with Power<\/em>, however, he seems to soft-pedal this point.\u00a0\u00a0Frye&#8217;s notion of the\u00a0kergymatic\u00a0is\u00a0no longer restricted to the Bible but extends to the literature of Bible-based cultures.\u00a0 I am never comfortable second-guessing Frye, but I suspect the reason for\u00a0this is his realization that, notwithstanding\u00a0the Bible&#8217;s status\u00a0as\u00a0a unique verbal paradigm, its prophetic power can and does pass into literature and can be accounted for by literary means.<\/p>\n<p>The key here, I think, is the inherently metaliterary conditon of literature that is so readily apparent in the dialectic of\u00a0romance,\u00a0with romance, in turn, being\u00a0the pre-generic <em>mythos<\/em> of which the other three <em>mythoi <\/em><em>&#8212;<\/em> comedy, tragedy, irony-satire &#8212;<em> <\/em>are phases.\u00a0 For Frye, the metaliterary\u00a0refers\u00a0to more than\u00a0just the\u00a0self-reflexive condition of literature when it shows awareness of\u00a0itself\u00a0as literature;\u00a0the metaliterary\u00a0is self-reflexive also\u00a0in the sense that\u00a0it prophetically reveals the primary concerns that underlie\u00a0literature&#8217;s otherwise imaginative impetus:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The metaliterary begins with the process of perceiving some kind of &#8220;that&#8217;s for me&#8221; detail in one&#8217;s reading.\u00a0 In literature, this quality may be present in the magical line or phrase, earlier referred to, but suddenly seems to extend one&#8217;s vision&#8230; As isolated passages become more frequent, the contact expands from the oracular flash into the possession of or identification with the narrative, as in Eliot&#8217;s famous phrase about listening to music so deeply that we become the music while it lasts.\u00a0 (<em>WP <\/em>113-14)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>This is what Frye means by the &#8220;intensified consciousness&#8217; of the kerygmatic vision available by way of the critical study of literature.<\/p>\n<p>I argue in an as-yet unpublished paper that while Frye&#8217;s notion of the kerygmatic begins with the unique\u00a0&#8220;literature plus&#8221;\u00a0typological structure of the Bible, he ends up\u00a0eliding the distinction between literature and the &#8220;literature plus&#8221; of the Bible\u00a0because he found he\u00a0could demonstrate the kerygmatic dimension of language\u00a0in purely literary terms.\u00a0 I say, therefore, that when it comes to kerygma, the issue is degree, not kind: once the potential is perceived, the kerygmatic can be\u00a0discerned in all literature everywhere.\u00a0 However, I don&#8217;t think there&#8217;s any getting around the fact that Frye himself perceived the kerygmatic by way of the Bible, and that\u00a0(second-guessing him again) he considered the existential authority of literature\u00a0to be\u00a0an expression of the primary rather than ideological concern that\u00a0derives ultimately from the Bible where God is typologically\u00a0manifested first as an omnipotent creator, then as a concerned giver of law, then as an incarnated Son of Man, then as sacrifice and redeemer of sin, then, finally &#8212; apocalyptically &#8212; as the infinitely <em>re<\/em>creating\u00a0human form divine on the edge of forever.<\/p>\n<p>Whatever else we do with Frye, we cannot ignore or dismiss his reading of the Bible in relation to literature.\u00a0 To do so, I think, is to miss how primary concerns surface at the end of his career as the source of literature&#8217;s true authority and how the critical recognition of\u00a0that authority\u00a0endows our words with power &#8212; including the power to\u00a0transform this wicked world into something much more like what we claim to want it to be.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Russell&#8217;s latest post on Alter and Frye has got me\u00a0thinking about\u00a0my longstanding assumptions about Frye, particularly with regard to the Bible and literature.\u00a0 The Bible and literature occupy the centre of Frye&#8217;s critical universe, and understanding what he\u00a0says about both is to\u00a0appreciate the full potential of his critical vision. The Judeo-Christian Bible as the supreme [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[11,72,82,87,92,125,170],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5491","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bible","category-great-code","category-intensified-consciousness","category-kerygma","category-literary-criticism","category-primary-concern","category-words-with-power"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Typology, Kerygma, and Literature - The Educated Imagination<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/fryeblog\/2009\/11\/14\/typology-kerygma-and-literature\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Typology, Kerygma, and Literature - The Educated Imagination\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Russell&#8217;s latest post on Alter and Frye has got me\u00a0thinking about\u00a0my longstanding assumptions about Frye, particularly with regard to the Bible and literature.\u00a0 The Bible and literature occupy the centre of Frye&#8217;s critical universe, and understanding what he\u00a0says about both is to\u00a0appreciate the full potential of his critical vision. 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