{"id":292,"date":"2021-04-06T17:25:07","date_gmt":"2021-04-06T17:25:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/literature-culture-anthropocene\/?p=292"},"modified":"2021-04-06T21:43:56","modified_gmt":"2021-04-06T21:43:56","slug":"the-great-barrier-reef-and-its-speculative-future","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/literature-culture-anthropocene\/blog\/the-great-barrier-reef-and-its-speculative-future\/","title":{"rendered":"The Great Barrier Reef and its Speculative Future"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>By: <a href=\"https:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/literature-culture-anthropocene\/blog\/cassandra-baird\/\">Cassandra Baird<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our newly \u201cnormal\u201d world is composed of human-influenced loss. There are treasures deep within our natural world which are slowly regressing into extinction before our eyes, providing us with an increasing speculative perspective as to what will be preserved of it for future generations. The Great Barrier Reef in Australia has already been harmed by climate change, as it is already experiencing serious complications which spark discussion as to its future preservation. The reef stretches \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/oceanservice.noaa.gov\/facts\/gbrlargeststructure.html.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1,429 miles over an area of approximately 133,000 square miles located off the coast of Queensland\u201d<\/a>, with it being one of the most diverse ecosystems in the world by homing numerous species of marine life and bringing in enormous funds through marine tourism. When we consider the already fragile nature of the reef, the confirmed statistical data of reef damage, alongside the neoliberal discourse which affects our current society\u2019s environmental sustainability practices, it is certainly fair to speculate that the Great Barrier Reef will be lost in the future if changes are not made quickly and efficiently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>So\u2026what exactly has happened?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Climate, Reefs, and Resilience\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/WRGQGRy2wJ0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption><em>A brief video documentary describing the current harms to the Great Barrier Reefs and the appropriate actions which are being taken to aid preserving it in the future. Video by NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program via Youtube.com.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The three main impacts of climate change on the reef are:&nbsp;<strong>coral bleaching<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>ocean acidification,<\/strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong>rising sea levels<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Coral Bleaching<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Coral bleaching<\/strong>&nbsp;is a process during summer months which occurs when the reefs experience <a href=\"http:\/\/www.coralcoe.org.au\/for-managers\/coral-bleaching-and-the-great-barrier-reef.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">abnormally high sea-surface temperatures<\/a>. According to&nbsp;<em>Coral Reef&nbsp;<\/em>Studies, corals inhabiting tropical coral reefs are <a href=\"http:\/\/www.coralcoe.org.au\/for-managers\/coral-bleaching-and-the-great-barrier-reef.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">thermally sensitive,<\/a> which means that they can only tolerate small temperature changes. There have been multiple large-scale bleaching events which were deemed as catastrophic to the GBR, as they subjected the reefs to irreversible damage, those of which were recorded to take place within t<a href=\"http:\/\/www.coralcoe.org.au\/for-managers\/coral-bleaching-and-the-great-barrier-reef.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">he summers of 1998, 2002, and most recently in 2016<\/a>. Studies have indicated that a 1\u00b0C increase in the temperature would increase the bleaching occurrence of reefs from <a href=\"10.1007\/s00338-003-0353-y.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">50% (approximate occurrence in 1998 and 2002) to 82%<\/a>, while a <a href=\"10.1007\/s00338-003-0353-y.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">2\u00b0C<\/a> increase would increase the occurrence to <a href=\"10.1007\/s00338-003-0353-y.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">97% and a 3\u00b0C increase to 100%<\/a>\u201d. With this, we can understand how fragile the reefs are prior to any of the bleaching events, and resultedly how devastating any further damage will be to the long-term future of the reefs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ocean Acidification<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The reefs have also suffered as a result of&nbsp;<strong>ocean acidification<\/strong>, which is described as when&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/oceanservice.noaa.gov\/facts\/acidification.html.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;is absorbed by seawater <\/a>and a series of chemical reactions occur resulting in the <a href=\"http:\/\/oceanservice.noaa.gov\/facts\/acidification.html.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">increased concentration of hydrogen ions<\/a>.&nbsp;This ultimately causes the seawater to become more acidic and causes <a href=\"http:\/\/oceanservice.noaa.gov\/facts\/acidification.html.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">carbonate ions<\/a> to be relatively less abundant, as carbonate ions are an <a href=\"http:\/\/oceanservice.noaa.gov\/facts\/acidification.html.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">important building block of coral skeletons<\/a>. Furthermore, it was explained in a study that&nbsp;approximately&nbsp;<strong>25%&nbsp;<\/strong>of the CO2&nbsp;emitted by&nbsp;<strong>humans<\/strong>&nbsp;in the period 2000 to 2006 was emitted into the oceans, where it combined with water to <a href=\"10.1126\/science.1152509.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">produce carbonic acid which releases a proton that combines with a carbonate ion<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Rising Sea Levels<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lastly,&nbsp;<strong>rising sea levels<\/strong>&nbsp;are the most prominently discussed concept regarding GBR damage. According to the GBRMPA, sea-level rise is caused by&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/reefresilience.org\/climate-and-ocean-change\/sea-level-rise\/.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">thermal expansion<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;(ocean water warming and expanding) and the melting of ice sheets from glaciers, land-based ice, ice sheets, and sea ice. Tropical sea-surface temperatures have risen by&nbsp;0.4\u20130.5\u00b0C since the late 19th century, as it is noted that <a href=\"http:\/\/www.barrierreef.org\/the-reef\/threats\/climate-change.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201crapid, human-induced climate change\u201d <\/a>stands as the greatest overall threat to the future of the GBR.&nbsp;Sea levels on the GBR specifically have risen&nbsp;3mm per year since 1991,&nbsp;with the rate of increase are shown to be accelerating (with records of sea levels at Cape Ferguson near Townsville showing an average increase of&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/reefresilience.org\/climate-and-ocean-change\/sea-level-rise\/.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>2.9mm<\/strong>&nbsp;every year between 1991 and 2006<\/a>. Ultimately, these increases reflect the severity of damage which has occurred, as these effects make the reefs increasingly vulnerable to damage and places them at risk because of inability for the coral to regenerate itself from the irreparable damage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Why do coral reefs matter?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After understanding the damages suffered by the Great Barrier Reef, this ultimately raises several questions: \u201cwhy do coral reefs matter to our ecosystems?\u201d and \u201cwhy does it matter if they were go to extinct?\u201d. With this, we can look at an informative video from the World Economic Forum, which explains specifically what kind of impact coral reefs have on our ecosystem, and further why it is important that we preserve them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Why should we care about coral reefs?\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/3kb0bz-3lWc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption><em>A brief video documentary with animated illustrations describing the importance of coral reefs to our ecosystems. Video by World Economic Forum via Youtube.com.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The Great Barrier Reef and Neoliberal Discourse<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Within ENGLISH 4E03, our focus has been on the theme of&nbsp;<strong>loss.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The potential loss of the Great Barrier Reef reflects neoliberal decolonization of climate and environmental colonialism (practices being conducted with internal colonial biases). There is a certain obligation placed upon society to contribute to consumer-focused campaigns and \u201cmake a difference\u201d, such as through the&nbsp;<strong>Great Barrier Reef Foundation<\/strong>which calls for donaters to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.barrierreef.org\/you-can-help\/donate.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201chelp save endangered marine species, find solutions to major threats facing our Reef like coral bleaching and crown-of-thorns starfish and enable vital research that helps managers protect our Reef\u201d<\/a> through monetary donations.&nbsp;Despite consumer corporations&nbsp;holding the ability to invoke real and efficient changes to environmental sustainability through the appropriate resources (i.e. financial capabilities, plausible solutions), environmental&nbsp;colonialism has resulted in a flawed perception as to who is truly to blame for the human-influenced climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As discussed in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/author\/olufemi-o-taiwo\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ol\u00faf\u1eb9\u0301mi o. T\u00e1\u00edw\u00f2<\/a>&nbsp;and Beba Cibralic\u2019s article <a href=\"http:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2020\/10\/10\/case-for-climate-reparations-crisis-migration-refugees-inequality\/.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cThe Case for Climate Reparations\u201d<\/a>, \u201cthe pursuit of elite interest in a world where power is distributed so unevenly guarantees climate colonialism\u201d. Tourism is often blamed for the increasing damages of the GBR, as the reef is one of the leading tourist destinations in the world. As a result, \u201csimple solutions\u201d which are encouraged of helping preserve the GBR involve choosing <a href=\"http:\/\/oceanservice.noaa.gov\/facts\/thingsyoucando.html.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201csustainable seafood, conserving water, checking sunscreen\u2019s active ingredients, practicing safe boating\u201d<\/a> as well as preventing sending \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/oceanservice.noaa.gov\/facts\/thingsyoucando.html.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">chemicals into our waterways<\/a>\u201d to name a few. However,&nbsp;it is noted that the coal industry is actually the major leading cause to the damages which have occurred within the GBR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"758\" src=\"https:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/literature-culture-anthropocene\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/153\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-03-16-at-5.02.12-PM-1024x758.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/literature-culture-anthropocene\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/153\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-03-16-at-5.02.12-PM-1024x758.png 1024w, https:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/literature-culture-anthropocene\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/153\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-03-16-at-5.02.12-PM-300x222.png 300w, https:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/literature-culture-anthropocene\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/153\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-03-16-at-5.02.12-PM-768x568.png 768w, https:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/literature-culture-anthropocene\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/153\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-03-16-at-5.02.12-PM.png 1484w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption><em>A close-up of brown coral underneath the water in the Great Barrier Reef. Photograph by Kristen Hoel via Unsplash.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Where does this leave us?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As of 2019, Australia has&nbsp;approved the construction of a coal mine near the Great Barrier Reef.&nbsp;The mines are claimed to be \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2019-06-australia-vast-coal-great-barrier.html.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">paving the way for a dramatic and unfashionable increase in coal exports<\/a>\u201d, as it will \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2019-06-australia-vast-coal-great-barrier.html.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">create a new generation of coal exports\u2014which will be burned in India and China\u2014contributing to further degrade the planet<\/a>\u201d.&nbsp;The mine is predicted to produce up to <a href=\"http:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2019-06-australia-vast-coal-great-barrier.html.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">60 million tonnes of coal a year,<\/a> boosting Australia&#8217;s already vast exports by around <a href=\"http:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2019-06-australia-vast-coal-great-barrier.html.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">20%<\/a>. With this, it is almost ironic for oil mines to be approved directly in the region of the GBR, while foundations are simultaneously claiming that it is \u201cnot too late\u201d and asking for charitable donations for aid in preserving the reefs. We are then forced to ask ourselves these questions:&nbsp;<strong>how do we know those charitable donations will not instead contribute to the mine?&nbsp;<\/strong>And more importantly,&nbsp;<strong>why was money funded for an oil mine instead of formulating a protection\/repair plan for the GBR?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While small lifestyle changes may aid the GBR preservation, it has little effect when comparing to larger scale corporation issues such as the oil mine. With this, it is difficult to determine the future of the Great Barrier Reef.&nbsp;It is difficult to say if it will be another loss we experience in the future, but it is also difficult to say it is one which even has the capability of being completely preserved.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">&nbsp;<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By: Cassandra Baird Our newly \u201cnormal\u201d world is composed of human-influenced loss. There are treasures deep within our natural world which are slowly regressing into extinction before our eyes, providing us with an increasing speculative perspective as to what will be preserved of it for future generations. The Great Barrier Reef in Australia has already &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/literature-culture-anthropocene\/blog\/the-great-barrier-reef-and-its-speculative-future\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;The Great Barrier Reef and its Speculative Future&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":351,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-292","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-field-guide-entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Great Barrier Reef and its Speculative Future - Field Guide to Lost Futures<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/literature-culture-anthropocene\/blog\/the-great-barrier-reef-and-its-speculative-future\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Great Barrier Reef and its Speculative Future - Field Guide to Lost Futures\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By: Cassandra Baird Our newly \u201cnormal\u201d world is composed of human-influenced loss. There are treasures deep within our natural world which are slowly regressing into extinction before our eyes, providing us with an increasing speculative perspective as to what will be preserved of it for future generations. 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There are treasures deep within our natural world which are slowly regressing into extinction before our eyes, providing us with an increasing speculative perspective as to what will be preserved of it for future generations. 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