{"id":325,"date":"2021-04-07T19:35:57","date_gmt":"2021-04-07T19:35:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/literature-culture-anthropocene\/?p=325"},"modified":"2021-04-07T19:35:59","modified_gmt":"2021-04-07T19:35:59","slug":"life-in-toxins-a-polluted-species-of-the-st-lawrence-estuary","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/literature-culture-anthropocene\/blog\/life-in-toxins-a-polluted-species-of-the-st-lawrence-estuary\/","title":{"rendered":"Life in Toxins: A Polluted Species of the St. Lawrence Estuary"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

By: Ainsley MacLeod<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Beluga
Painting of a St. Lawrence Beluga by author Ainsley MacLeod<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The beluga whale is seen in large numbers among the Arctic and Alaskan regions of our planet. The beluga whales inhabiting the St. Lawrence estuary, however, are not found in large numbers and are facing levels of toxicity that are not seen in other habitats of marine life. When it comes to the St. Lawrence Estuary, the beluga whale population is endangered. Since there are hundreds of animal species that are endangered and at risk of being gone and forgotten forever, if the complete population of the beluga whale is not an endangered species, why would anyone focus on the population of the beluga inhabiting the St. Lawrence Estuary of Qu\u00e9bec? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Historically, this population of the beluga whale has been vulnerable to hunting and pollution. In 1979, Hunting of the beluga whale by non Indigenous groups became illegal. Up until then, the biggest danger to this beluga population was commercial hunting. Consequently, with a combination of hunting along with the rapid increase of pollution, the number of beluga whales in the St. Lawrence Estuary drastically dropped from 10,000 before 1885 to an estimated 900 just in 2012<\/a>. Indicating that \u201ccommercial whaling has depleted the population severely.<\/a>\u201d It might seem as though the direct killing of this species is something that holds the primary responsibility for such rapid depletion of their population, however, since the hunting of \u201cbelugas has been banned since 1979\u201d scientists have not found any \u201cnoticeable recovery in the population<\/a>.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The present population is not able to recover as it should even would have during the times that they were allowed to be hunted. For over 40 years no St. Lawrence beluga has been blatantly killed. With a stop to commercial hunting, they face another problem which is severely depleting and harming their numbers. Pollution is easily able to absorb into the waters that these mammals live in. As the St. Lawrence River functions as a convenient and immediate mode for industrial transportation, this local pollution specific to this area of Qu\u00e9bec is harming these mammals at an alarming rate. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Map
Map revealing Canada’s nine of ten aluminum smelters relative to the St. Lawrence river and estuary where the belugas live which will be found on the right, indicating Qu\u00e9bec<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Above is a map of Canada’s ten aluminum smelters, revealing that Qu\u00e9bec is home to nine of them.<\/a> Each of Qu\u00e9bec’s nine smelters appears to be within a close distance to the St Lawrence River, which is convenient for transporting goods to and from boats, but also indicates that the pollutants emitted from these smelters do not have a long way to go when it comes to reaching the St. Lawrence river. The belugas remain in the St. Lawrence Estuary all year round, meaning they do not migrate to waters that are less polluted and colder during the temperature shift between seasons like other cetacean species. Taking a break from these copious amounts of pollution is not an option. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pollution accumulates through the diet of the beluga whale. Many contaminants are fat-soluble<\/a>, this poses a threat to their diet as the belugas anatomical makeup consists of 40 to 50 percent lipids<\/a>. Dr. Daniel Martineau is a veterinarian whose research specializes in the belugas of the St. Lawrence Estuary. He conducted a study from 1983 to 2012<\/a> looking at the rate of cancer in these animals. It is not until research and pathology are done on dead subjects that information on life-threatening issues will become acknowledged. Martineau\u2019s study was conducted for over 25 years and with this research, he discovered the pollutants that are commonly found within the necropsies. Answering why the St. Lawrence beluga whale population has not been growing as it should and what pollutants are threatening and shortening their lives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Mother
A mother beluga nursing her calf. Source: Aquarium of the Pacific by Kera Mathes 2009<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Fatty tissue plays an important part in the anatomical makeup of the beluga whale. These lipids lie just under their skin to provide insulation in the form of thermoregulation as the blubber under the beluga\u2019s skin is also a convenient energy reserve<\/a>. The pollutants are lipophilic contaminants that gather within the body fat of the belugas. As pollutants, such as PAH\u2019s and PCP\u2019S, accumulate within the belugas fatty tissue, it is dangerous for baby belugas to drink their own mother’s milk, as they are receiving a higher concentration of these contaminants. This is because the milk that the mother beluga will produce for her baby is 40 percent fat<\/a>. Meaning, these babies ingest a higher absorption of pollution in their food than their mothers do before them. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

From Dr. Martineau\u2019s studies of pollution among the SLE beluga taking place “from 1983 to 2012<\/a>” his research of cancer in these mammals \u201cdetermined that 18-20 percent of the adult whales exhibited cancer.<\/a>\u201d It was within this time frame that \u201c222 beluga whales<\/a>\u201d were used for Martineau\u2019s lab to perform necropsies on them. These numbers are concerning as Martineau called the percentage of such a wide population of mammals dying of cancer \u201cunusual,\u201d and this is because \u201cother similar studies of marine mammals revealed only 1 \u2013 2 percent of adults dying of cancer<\/a>.\u201d This has to do with this population of marine life being so remotely close to \u201cone of the most industrialized regions of the world, as regions within the \u201cSt. Lawrence River ecosystem\u201d obtain \u201ceffluents from much of northeastern North America<\/a>\u201d along with the nine smelters condensed nearby the region of Qu\u00e9bec close to the St. Lawrence River. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This species of the St. Lawrence Estuary Beluga is native to this area of Qu\u00e9bec, Canada. They appear here naturally, and as this is their habitat and home, they must stay here to reclaim their population, allow for the water\u2019s biodiversity to prosper and for the ecosystem of the St. Lawrence Estuary to be rescued. This population keeps on decreasing, and there have not been any signs of it growing back to its original numbers. Risking the population of the St. Lawrence Estuary Beluga whale indicates that Indigenous groups are at risk of losing another aspect of something culturally important to them. The health of the aquatic environment belugas live in will be compromised and thrown out of balance as they are primary consumers, other species will overcompensate and overpopulate for this loss. Not enough concern is transpiring for this species. Raising a concern enough to put a stop to this pollution comes with the reality that \u201cconstructing [the extent of] chemical impact, especially visually, is challenging. Toxins often do not look toxic.\u201d It is difficult to determine the \u201cphysical consequences of exposure to toxins\u201d so diseases \u201csuch as cancer, may not be visible and the contaminants can exist in the soil, water, or air for years, making it difficult to “capture the relationship between toxin and effect.”1<\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toxicity and pollution are killers of our wildlife, and primary consumers like our St. Lawrence beluga whales are the first to experience loss in their numbers.\u00a0The belugas of Alaska and the Arctic are allowed to flourish, their numbers steady because they are distant from such concentrated amounts of pollution and toxicity, an opportunity that is not available to the beluga whales of the St. Lawrence estuary. They are living their lives in pollution. To the people who have the power to stop this species from becoming extinct, to the people who care about each whale that has been lost, the ongoing production of aluminum smelters neighbouring the St. Lawrence Estuary either needs an alternative realm of production or they must come to an end, otherwise, our nation will watch these belugas disappear instead.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBeluga: Why they Matter<\/a>\u201d World Wildlife Fund 1250 24th Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20037. 2021. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBeluga Whale (St. Lawrence Estuary population)<\/a>\u201d Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Communications Branch, Government of Canada, 25 July 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lair, S. Measures, L.N. Martineau, D. DFO. 2012. Recovery Strategy for the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas<\/em>) St. Lawrence Estuary population in Canada.<\/a> Species at Risk Act <\/em>Recovery Strategy Series. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa. 88 pp + X pp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Martineau, Daniel D.M.V., M.Sc., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P. Beluga Whales of the St. Lawrence River: The \u201cRiver Sweepers\u201d<\/a><\/em> Professor (retired), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al. Copyright PHIPPS Conservatory 2021. All rights reserved. Presented in 2018. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Martineau et.al. Pathologic Findings and Trends in Mortality in the Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) Population of the St Lawrence Estuary, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada, From 1983 to 2012 <\/a>Veterinary Pathology 2016, Vol. 53(1) 22-36 a The Author(s) 2015 Reprints and permission: sagepub.com\/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177\/0300985815604726 vet.sagepub.com <\/p>\n\n\n\n

McKinney, Melissa. A et.al. Biotransformation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas<\/em>) and rat mammalian model using an in vitro hepatic microsomal assay<\/a> Aquatic Toxicology. Corresponding author at: National Wildlife Research Centre, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0H3.\u00a9 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016\/j.aquatox.2005.08.016 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mathes, Kera. How do Whales Nurse? Let’s Find Out!<\/a> Aquarium of the Pacific. 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Industry Overview<\/a> ALU Qu\u00e9bec: Aluminum cluster. Sitemap. 2021<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peeples, Jennifer. Imaging Toxins<\/a> Environmental Communication<\/em> Vol. 7, No. 2 (2013), 191-210.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By: Ainsley MacLeod The beluga whale is seen in large numbers among the Arctic and Alaskan regions of our planet. The beluga whales inhabiting the St. Lawrence estuary, however, are not found in large numbers and are facing levels of toxicity that are not seen in other habitats of marine life. When it comes to … <\/p>\n

Continue reading “Life in Toxins: A Polluted Species of the St. Lawrence Estuary”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":354,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-325","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-field-guide-entry"],"yoast_head":"\nLife in Toxins: A Polluted Species of the St. Lawrence Estuary - Field Guide to Lost Futures<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/macblog.mcmaster.ca\/literature-culture-anthropocene\/blog\/life-in-toxins-a-polluted-species-of-the-st-lawrence-estuary\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Life in Toxins: A Polluted Species of the St. Lawrence Estuary - Field Guide to Lost Futures\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By: Ainsley MacLeod The beluga whale is seen in large numbers among the Arctic and Alaskan regions of our planet. 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